.NET Software Technical Interview Questions - Part 3

ASP.NET AJAX Interview Questions

1. What is ASP.NET AJAX?

ASP.NET AJAX, mostly called AJAX, is a set of extensions of ASP.NET. It is developed by Microsoft to implement AJAX functionalities in Web applications. ASP.NET AJAX provides a set of components that enable the developers to develop applications that can update only a specified portion of data without refreshing the entire page. The ASP.NET AJAX works with the AJAX Library that uses object-oriented programming (OOP) to develop rich Web applications that communicate with the server using asynchronous postback.

2. What is the difference between synchronous postback and asynchronous postback?

The difference between synchronous and asynchronous postback is as follows:

• Asynchronous postback renders only the required part of the page; whereas, synchronous postback renders the entire page for any postback.
• Asynchronous postback executes only one postback at a time, that is, if you have two buttons doing asynchronous postback, the actions will be performed one by one; whereas, synchronous postback executes all the actions at once.
• Asynchronous postback only modifies the update panel that raises the postback; whereas, synchronous postback modifies the entire page.

3. What technologies are being used in AJAX?

AJAX uses four technologies, which are as follows:

• JavaScript
• XMLHttpRequest
• Document Object Model (DOM)
• Extensible HTML (XHTML) and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

4. Why do we use the XMLHttpRequest object in AJAX?

The XMLHttpRequest object is used by JavaScript to transfer XML and other text data between client and server. The XMLHttpRequest object allows a client-side script to perform an HTTP request. AJAX applications use the XMLHttpRequest object so that the browser can communicate to the server without requiring a postback of the entire page. In earlier versions of Internet Explorer, MSXML ActiveX component is liable to provide this functionality; whereas, Internet Explorer 7 and other browsers, such as Mozilla Firefox,XMLHttpRequest is not liable to.

5. How can we get the state of the requested process?

XMLHttpRequest get the current state of the request operation by using the readyState property. This property checks the state of the object to determine if any action should be taken. The readyState property uses numeric values to represent the state.

6. What are the different controls of ASP.NET AJAX?

ASP.NET AJAX includes the following controls:

• ScriptManager
• ScriptManagerProxy
• UpdatePanel
• UpdateProgress
• Timer

7. What are the new features included in the Microsoft AJAX library?

The Microsoft AJAX library is a client-based JavaScript library that is compatible with all modern browsers and offers a lot of functionality as compared to JavaScript. This library is released with new features and fully supports ASP.NET 4.0'. The new features included in the Microsoft AJAX library are as follows:

• Imperative syntax - Supports simple imperative syntax that is used to create and manage controls.
• Script loader - Retrieves all scripts that are needed by one or more client component or control automatically and executes the scripts in the order in which they are received.
• Client data access - Supports to access client data and display by client data control and client template.
• Client datacontext - Supports read and write permission to data from a database.
• The AdoNetDataContext class - Enables you to easily interact with an ADO.NET Data Services service.
• jQuery integration - Helps to access the elements in your Web pages, work with client-side events, enable visual effects, and make it easier to use AJAX in your applications.

8. Explain the Step property of the NumericUpDownExtender control.

The Step property sets the steps for numeric increment and decrement. The default value is 1.

9. What are the new features of ASP.NET AJAX 4.0?

ASP.NET 4.0 AJAX includes several new features that provide more functionality to a user. These features are as follows:

• Support for live data binding.
• Support for client-side template rendering.
• Support for declarative instantiation of client components.
• Support for using the observer pattern on JavaScript objects and arrays.
• Support for invoking ADO.NET data services and data contexts.
• Support for the DataView control.

10. Why do we use the UpdateProgress control in AJAX?

The UpdateProgress control is somewhat related to the UpdatePanel control. The UpdateProgress control enables you to design a user-friendly interface when a Web page consists of a number of UpdatePanel controls for partial-page rendering.

The UpdateProgress control makes you aware of the status information about the partial-page updates in theUpdatePanel control.

11. What is JSON?

JSON is an abbreviation of JavaScript Object Notation. It is a safe and reliable data interchange format in JavaScript, which is easy to understand not only for the users but also for the machines.

12. How many validation controls are available in ASP.NET AJAX 4.0?

The following validation controls are available in ASP.NET AJAX 4.0:

• FilteredTextBoxExtender - Enables you to apply filtering to a text box.
• MaskedEditExtender and MaskedEditValidator - Restricts a user to enter only a certain pattern of characters in the TextBox by applying a mask to the input.
• ValidatorCalloutExtender - Attaches to the ASP.NET validators so that the error messages are not displayed as a simple text but as a balloon-style ToolTip.
• NoBot - Prevents the spam/bot from filling the input forms automatically and uses the Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA), which is a type of challenge-response test to ensure that the response is not generated by the computer.
• PasswordStrengthExtender - Measures the strength of the password text entered within the text box by validating with the different strength specified parameters

13. Explain the limitations of AJAX.

The following are the limitations of AJAX:

• It is difficult to bookmark a particular state of the application.
• Function provided in the code-behind file do not work because the dynamic pages cannot register themselves on browsers history engine automatically.
• If JavaScript is disabled, then AJAX is not able to perform any work.
• Response time may be slow because different controls of a page are loaded at different time.

14. What are the differences between AJAX and JavaScript?

The differences between AJAX and JavaScript are given as follows:

• AJAX sends request to the server and does not wait for the response. It performs other operations on the page during that time. JavaScript make a request to the server and waits for response.
• AJAX does not require the page to refresh for downloading the whole page while JavaScript manages and controls a Web page after being downloaded.
• AJAX minimizes the overload on the server since the script needs to request once while JavaScript posts a request that updates the script every time.

15. Explain the UpdatePanel control.

The UpdatePanel control specifies the portions of a Web page that can be updated together. As theUpdatePanel control refreshes only a selected part of the Web page instead of refreshing the entire page with a postback, you get more flexibility to create rich and client-centric Web applications.

Refreshing a selected part of the Web page is referred as partial-page update. You can add one or moreUpdatePanel control in the Web page, which automatically participates in partial-page update without custom client script. The UpdatePanel control uses the UpdatePanel class to support the partial-page rendering.

16. What does the DynamicPopulateExtender control do?

The DynamicPopulateExtender control populates the contents of a control dynamically. It enables you to send an asynchronous call to the server that dynamically populates the contents of a control. TheDynamicPopulateExtender control replaces the contents of a control with the result of a Web service or page method call.

17. What does the MinimumPrefixLength property of the AutoCompleteExtender control do?

The MinimumPrefixLength property sets the minimum number of characters that must be entered before getting suggestions from the Web service.

18. What is the importance of client-side libraries?

Client-side libraries contain built-in code to make asynchronous calls over XMLHTTP. These libraries automatically handle browser compatibility issues. These libraries are based on a programming model similar to ASP.NET.

19. Can we call server-side code from JavaScript?

Yes, page methods and Web services are the two techniques to call the server-side code from JavaScript.

20. What are the components of the ASP.NET AJAX architecture?

You can divide the ASP.NET AJAX architecture into two components - AJAX client architecture and AJAX server architecture.

21. Describe AJAX Control Extender Toolkit.

AJAX Control Toolkit is a set of extenders that are used to extend the functionalities of the ASP.NET controls. The extenders use a block of JavaScript code to add new and enhanced capabilities to the ASP.NET controls. AJAX Control Toolkit is a free download available on the Microsoft site. You need to install this toolkit on your system before using extenders.

22. Explain the need of the Timer control in AJAX.

The Timer control is used with an UpdatePanel control to allow partial-page updates at a specified interval. It is mostly used when a periodically partial-page update for one or more UpdatePanel controls is required without refreshing the entire page.

The Timer control is a server control that sets a JavaScript component in the Web page. The interval property of the Timer control specifies time in milliseconds. Similar to the UpdatePanel control, the Timer control also requires an instance of the ScriptManager control in the Web page.

When the Timer control initiates a postback, the Tick event is raised on the server for which you can provide an event handler to perform the actions when the page is submitted to the server. The Tick event occurs when the time specified in the interval property has elapsed and the page is posted on the server. You can add one or more Timer controls on a Web page. Usually the entire page requires only a single Timer control; however, you can use multiple Timer controls, if the UpdatePanel controls are being updated at different intervals.

23. List the different states of XMLHttpRequest with their description.

The different states of the XMLHttpRequest object are as follows:

• Uninitialized - Refers to the state when the object has not been initialized.
• Open - Refers to the state when the object has been created; however, the send function has not been invoked.
• Sent -Refers to the state when the send function is invoked; however, the status and headers are not available.
• Receiving - Refers to the state when the process is receiving data.
• Loaded - Refers to the state when the procedure is completed and the entire data is available.

24. Can we nest the UpdatePanel controls?

Yes, we can nest the UpdatePanel control.

25. What is the role of the ScriptManagerProxy control?

A Web page cannot contain more than one ScriptManager control. You can use the ScriptManagerProxycontrol to add scripts to other pages; however to perform such an operation, you need to work with a master page that contains the ScriptManager control. If you have only few pages that need to register to a script or a Web service, then you should remove these pages from the ScriptManager control and add them as individual pages by using the ScriptManagerProxy control. If you include the scripts on the master page by theScriptManager control, then the items get downloaded on each page that extends the master page, even if they are not necessary.

26. What is the work of the ConformOnFormSubmit property in the ConfirmButtonExtender control?

The ConformOnFormSubmit property determines whether or not the confirm dialog box should wait when the form is submitted for display.

27. What is the syntax to create AJAX objects?

AJAX uses the following syntax to create an object:

var myobject = new AjaxObject("page path");

The page path is the URL of the Web page containing the object that you want to call. The URL must be of the same domain as the Web page.

28. Is there any difference between HTML and XHTML?

Extensible HTML (XHTML) is a markup language that provides the mixture expressions of HTML and XML. XHTML is a flexible markup language that enables automated processing by standard XML tools, which was difficult in HTML.

29. What are the requirements to run ASP.NET AJAX applications on a server?

AJAX is a built-in functionality of .NET Framework 4.0. Therefore, you can run an AJAX application by just installing Microsoft Visual Studio 2010. However, to use extenders in your applications, you are required to install AJAX Control Toolkit and copy the AjaxControlToolkit.dll file to the Bin directory of your application.

30. Describe the situations in which AJAX should not be used.

You should not use AJAX if:

• You want the page to show in a search engine, such as Google, because WebCrawler does not execute JavaScript code.
• The browser does not support JavaScript.
• You want to create a secure application.

31. What is the use of the ScriptManager control in AJAX?

The ScriptManager control is a core control that performs a key role in implementing the ASP.NET AJAX functionality. It helps to use JavaScript for the Microsoft AJAX Library. It should be noted that AJAX Library on a Web page can only be used if the Web page contains the ScriptManager control. This control makes use of theScriptManager class to maintain the AJAX script libraries and script files. It allows for partial page rendering, Web service calls, and use of ASP.NET AJAX Client Library by rendering the AJAX Library scripts to the browser.

32. How can you find out that an AJAX request has been completed?

You can find out that an AJAX request has been completed by using the readyState property. If the value of this property equals to four, it means that the request has been completed and the data is available.

33. Is it possible to use multiple ScriptManager controls on a Web page?

No, it is not possible.

34. What are the new controls introduced in ASP.NET AJAX Control Toolkit?

The following controls are introduced with the new version of AJAX Control Toolkit:

• SeaDragonExtender control - Refers to the control that is used to deeply zoom the images. You can zoom in or out the image or the particular portion of the image by using the mouse. You can also create a menu over the Seadragon control. This control is helpful when you want to analyze the image closely.
• AsyncFileUploadExtender control - Refers to the control that provides the facility to upload and save the files on the server asynchronously. You can check the outcome either at the server or client side.

35. Briefly describe ASP.NET AJAX Framework.

ASP.NET AJAX Framework provides a platform where developers can develop such type of applications that use the AJAX concept. The AJAX provides the collection of technologies to create dynamic pages at the client side. The JavaScript requests are responsible to retrieve data from the server or send data to the server. Even some processing at server also requires handling requests, such as searching and storing of data. These tasks are achieved more easily using the AJAX Framework.

AJAX Framework is completely devoted to process requests. The objective of the AJAX engine is to reduce the delays that the user notices while performing a postback to the server. AJAX Framework allows JavaScript functions to send requests to server at the client side. On the other side, it allows the server to process the client's request, searches data, and responds the result to the browser.

36. Is the AjaxControlToolkit.dll file installed in the Global Assembly Cache?

No, you have to copy this file to the Bin folder of your application.

37. What are the different ways to pass parameters to the server?

We can pass parameters to the server using either the GET or POST method. The following code snippets show the example of both the methods:

• Get: XmlHttpObject.Open("GET", "file1.txt", true);
• Post: XmlHttpObject.Open("POST", "file2.txt", true);

38. What are the extender controls?

The extender controls uses a block of JavaScript code to add new and enhanced capabilities to ASP.NET. The developers can use a set of sample extender controls through a separate download - AJAX Control Toolkit (ACT).

39. Describe the AccordionExtender control.

The AccordionExtender control is similar to the CollapsiblePanelExtender control. It allows you to group multiple collapsible panels in a single control. At the same time, it also manages the collapsed and expanded state of each panel; therefore, expanding one panel at a time. In other words, the AccordionExtender control does not support expanding two or more panels simultaneously. Instead, the header templates of all the panels are always visible so that you can click on any of them to display the hidden contents. By default, theAccordionExtender control opens with one panel as expanded.

Language-Integrated Query Language

1. What is Language Integrated Query (LINQ)?

LINQ is a programming model that is the composition of general-purpose standard query operators that allow you to work with data, regardless of the data source in any .NET based programming language. It is the name given to a set of technologies based on the integration of query capabilities into any .NET language.

2. What are LINQ query expressions?

A LINQ query, also known as a query expression, consists of a combination of query clauses that identify the data sources for the query. It includes instructions for sorting, filtering, grouping, or joining to apply to the source data. The LINQ query expressions syntax is similar to the SQL syntax. It specifies what information should be retrieved from the data source.

3. Write the basic steps to execute a LINQ query.

The following are the three basic steps to execute a LINQ query:

• Obtain the data source (The data source can be either an SQL database or an XML file)
• Create a query
• Execute the query

4. Write the basic syntax of a LINQ query in Visual Basic as well as in C#.

In Visual Basic, the basic syntax of a LINQ query starts with the From clause and ends with the Select or Group By clause. In addition, you can use the Where, Order By, and Order By Descending clauses to perform additional functions, such as filtering data and generating the data in a specific order.

In C#, the basic syntax of a LINQ query starts with the From clause and ends with the Select or group by clause. In addition, you can use the where, orderby, and Orderby descending clauses to perform additional functions, such as filtering data and generating the data in a specific order.

5. In which statement the LINQ query is executed?

A LINQ query is executed in the For Each statement in Visual Basic and in the foreach statement in C#.

6. In LINQ, lambda expressions underlie many of the standard query operators. Is it True or False?

It is true.

7. What is PLINQ?

PLINQ stands for Parallel Language Integrated Query. It is the parallel implementation of LINQ, in which a query can be executed by using multiple processors. PLINQ ensures the scalability of software on parallel processors in the execution environment. It is used where data grows rapidly, such as in telecom industry or where data is heterogeneous.

PLINQ also supports all the operators of LINQ. In addition, you can query 'collections by using PLINQ. It can also run several LINQ queries simultaneously and makes use of the processors on the system. Apart from this, PLINQ uses parallel execution, which helps in running the queries quickly. Parallel execution provides a major performance improvement to PLINQ over certain types of legacy code, which takes too much time to execute.

8. What are the different Visual Basic features that support LINQ?

Visual Basic includes the following features that support LINQ:

• Anonymous types - Enables you to create a new type based on a query result.
• Implicitly typed variables - Enables the compiler to infer and assign a type when you declare and initialize a variable.
• Extension method - Enables you to extend an existing type with your own methods without modifying the type itself.

9. What is the function of the DISTINCT clause in a LINQ query?

The DISTINCT clause returns the result set without the duplicate values.

10. What is the DataContext class and how is it related to LINQ?

After you add a LINQ to SQL Classes item to a project and open the O/R Designer, the empty design surface represents an empty DataContext class ready to be configured. The DataContext class is a LINQ to SQL class that acts as a conduit between a SQL Server database and the LINQ to SQL entity classes mapped to that database. This class contains the connection string information and the methods for connecting to a database and manipulating the data in the database. It is configured with connection information provided by the first item that is dragged onto the design surface.

11. What is the difference between the Take and Skip clauses?

The Take clause returns a specified number of elements. For example, you can use the Take clause to return two values from an array of numbers. The Skip clause skips the specified number of elements in the query and returns the rest. For example, you can use the Skip clause to skip the first four strings in an array of strings and return the remaining array of string.

12. What is Object Relational Designer (0/R Designer)?

The 0/R Designer provides a visual design surface to create LINQ to SQL entity classes and associations (relationships) that are based on objects in a database.

13. Which interface implements the standard query operators in LINQ?

The standard query operators implement the IEnumerable<T> or the IQueryable<T> interface in C# and theIEnumerable(Of T) or the IQueryable(Of T) interface in Visual Basic.

14. What are standard query operators in LINQ?

The standard query operators in LINQ are the extension methods that form the LINQ pattern. These operators form an API that enables querying of any .NET array or collection. It operates on sequences and allows you to perform operations, such as determining if a value exists in the sequence and performing an aggregated function, such as a summation over a sequence.

15. On what parameter does the GroupBy clause group the data?

The GroupBy clause groups the elements that share a common attribute.

16. What is a LinqDataSource control?

The LinqDataSource control enables you to use LINQ. in an ASP.NET Web page by setting the properties in the markup text. You can use the control retrieve or modify data. It is similar to the SqIDataSource andObjectDataSource controls in the sense that it can be used to declaratively bind other ASP.NET controls on a page to a data source. The difference is that instead of binding directly to a database or to a generic class, theLinqDataSource control is designed to bind a LINQ enabled data model.

17. How can you open the O/R Designer?

You can open the O/R Designer by adding a new LINQ to SQL Classes item to a project.

18. The standard query operators are themselves a set of extension methods that provide the LINQ query functionality for any type that implements the IEnumerable<T> interface in Visual Basic. Is it True or False?

False, as it implements the IEnumerable(T) interface in Visual Basic and the IEnumerable<T> interface is implemented in C#.

19. What are lambda expressions in LINQ?

A lambda expression is a function without a name that calculates and returns a single value. All lambda expressions use the lambda operator =>, which read as goes to. The left side of the lambda operator specifies the input parameters and the right side holds the expression or statement block.

20. Before you query a DataSet object by using LINQ to DataSet, you must first populate the dataset How can you do this?

You can load the data into the dataset by using different methods, such as:

• Using the DataAdapter class
• Using LINQ to SQL

21. What are the different implementations of LINQ?

The different implementations of LINQ are:

• LINQ to SQL - Refers to a component of.NET Framework version 3.5 that provides a run-time infrastructure to manage relational data as objects.
• LINQ to DataSet - Refers to a component that makes it easier and faster to query over data cached in a DataSet object.
• LINQ to XML - Provides an in-memory XML programming interface.
• LINQ to Objects - Refers to the use of LINQ queries with any IEnumerable or IEnumerable(T)collection directly, without the use of an intermediate LINQ provider or API, such as LINQ to SQL or LINQ to XML.

22. Which command-line tool generates code and mapping for the LINQ to SQL component of .NET Framework?

The SqlMetal.exe command-line tool generates code and map the LINQ to SQL component.

23. Name the control that exposes the LINQ features to Web developers through the ASP.NET data-source control architecture.

The LinqDataSource control exposes the LINQ features to Web developers through the ASP.NET data-source control architecture.

24. What is the difference between the Select clause and SelectMany() method in LINQ?

Both the Select clause and SelectMany() method are used to produce a result value from a source of values. The difference lies in the result set. The Select clause is used to produce one result value for every source value. The result value is a collection that has the same number of elements from the query. In contrast, theSelectMany() method produces a single result that contains a concatenated collection from the query.

25. Which extension method do you need to run a parallel query in PLINQ?

The AsParallel extension method is required to run a parallel query in PLINQ.